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Twitter said that between mid-2015 and February 2016 it had suspended 125,000 accounts associated with ISIL and related organizations, and by August 2016 had suspended some 360,000 accounts for being associated with terrorism (not all these were ISIL-related). By August 2014, Twitter had suspended a dozen official ISIL accounts, and between September and December 2014 it suspended at least 1000 accounts promoting ISIL. Twitter repeatedly shut down accounts that spread ISIL material, but new ones popped up quickly and were advertised with their old Twitter handle Twitter in return blocked those in what was called an ongoing game of Whac-A-Mole. A "Twitter suspension campaign" began in earnest in 2015, and on one day, 4 April 2015, some 10,000 accounts were suspended. Twitter frequently responds to media enquiries about suspended accounts with "We do not comment on individual accounts, for privacy and security reasons." History īetween 20, Twitter suspensions were frequently linked to ISIL-related accounts. Some commentators, such as technology entrepreneur Declan McCullagh and law professor Glenn Reynolds, have criticized Twitter's suspension and ban policies as overreaches of power. In January 2019, Twitter formally provided information on instances where governments have attempted to utilize Twitter for "foreign information operations". In addition to community guideline policy decisions, the Twitter DMCA-detection system and spam-detection system are sometimes manipulated or abused by groups of users attempting to force a user's suspension. They are told only that their accounts will not be restored, and they are told which of Twitter's rules the company claims were violated. Read the ePassport Basics section to learn more about the kinds of information needed to conduct ePassport validation.Users who are suspended from Twitter, based on alleged violations of Twitter's terms of service, are usually not informed which of their tweets were the cause. In addition, the ICAO PKD ensures that information can be exchanged reliably, in a timely manner and on an open-ended, indefinite basis.
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The ICAO PKD provides an efficient means for States to upload their own information and download that of other States.īy playing the role of central broker for this information, the ICAO PKD ensures that information adheres to the technical standards required to achieve and maintain interoperability. Should states only have the option to exchange the necessary information bilaterally, the volume of information being exchanged would result in a highly complex and ineffective system that would be susceptible to errors. This authentication - usually referred to as ePassport validation-is the process of validating the authenticity and integrity of an ePassport by verifying the digital signature on the chip.įor the border control of a receiving State to authenticate the ePassport of a foreign traveler, the receiving State must have access to certain information from the issuing State. If the chip is not authenticated at border control, the ePassport has little advantage over a traditional, non-electronic passport. However, those benefits can only be realized when border control authenticates the chip. The ICAO Public Key Directory (PKD) is a central repository for exchanging the information required to authenticate electronic Machine Readable Travel Documents (eMRTDs) such as ePassports, electronic ID cards and Visible Digital Seals.ĮPassports play a particular crucial role as the principle identity document used in intenrnational travel. The security and facilitation advantages of ePassports are grounded in the presence of an integrated closed circuit chip.